Vision therapy, also known as visual training, vision training, or visual therapy, is a group of techniques attempting variously to correct or improve presumed ocular, oculomotor, visual processing, and perceptual disorders. Vision therapy encompasses a wide variety of non-surgical methods which some have divided into two broad categories:

1. orthoptic vision therapy, also known as orthoptics, and
2. behavioral vision therapy, also known as behavioral or developmental optometry.

Orthoptics aims to treat binocular vision disorders such as strabismus, and diplopia. It is practiced by optometrists and ophthalmologists, as well as orthoptists and occupational therapists under the guidance of some ophthalmologists and pediatric ophthalmologists.

Behavioral vision therapy is practiced primarily by optometrists who specialize in this field. It treats additional problems including difficulties of visual attention and concentration, which may manifest as an inability to sustain focus or to shift focus from one area of space to another. The ability to shift the focus of visual attention from one place in space to another affects many aspects of life including reading, most vocations and most avocations. Eye doctors may also prescribe vision therapy to sufferers from eye strain and visually-induced headaches. However, not all such therapy is limited to disorders of the visual system. Professional athletes, for example, may use vision therapy to enhance sensitivity to peripheral vision on the playing field or increase responsiveness to fast moving objects.